Managing Director
Lenders Compliance Group
Production incentives have been around since the dawn of modern
capitalism. They are not going anywhere. Incentives have been called sales
incentives, sales bonuses, compensation bonuses, and take into account any additional
remuneration that tends to be transactionally based. All such incentives can be
grouped into business objectives where a transaction may be tied to certain
benchmarks, met by employees or service providers, the achievement of which leads
to an increase in wage or reward for the party achieving the stated goal. For
the sake of discussion, let’s call forms of such economic inducement,
collectively, as “incentives.”
Typical incentives include cross-selling, where sales or referrals
of new products or services are pitched to existing consumers; sales of
products or services to new customers; sales at higher prices where pricing
discretion exists; quotas for customer calls completed; and collections
benchmarks.
Some of these incentives are very complex in the way they are
achieved and applied, whether optionally or required. The incentive challenge
is one of the usual conundrums arising when money and capital formation meet:
the opportunity for harm to the consumer. Obviously, incentives offer a way to
further enhance revenue for the seller of services and products. Indeed, in our
market economy, an incentive can reveal the economic interest of market
participants in a particular service or product, which is extrapolated from consumers’
responses to the offerings. Like so much in finance, incentives are not
inherently good or bad, but how they are applied makes them so!
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“Bureau”) has decided to
weigh in with guidance on production incentives. I am going to provide my
reading of the Bureau’s most recent bulletin on this topic, entitled “Detecting
and Preventing Consumer Harm from Production Incentives” (Bulletin 2016-03, November
28, 2016, hereinafter “Bulletin”). It is an interesting read, because it
endeavors not only to compile guidance that the Bureau had provided in other
contexts but also draws attention to the Bureau’s supervisory and enforcement
experience in which incentives contributed to substantial consumer harm. Importantly,
the Bulletin offers some actions that supervised entities should take to mitigate
risks posed by incentives.
RISKS
The most obvious risk of incentives to the consumer is a sales
program that includes an enhanced economic motivation for employees or service
providers to pursue overly aggressive marketing, sales, servicing, or
collections tactics. These kinds of incentives are and always have been features
of sales tactics that do not meet regulatory scrutiny. Consequently, it is the
case that the Bureau has taken enforcement action against financial
institutions that have expected or required employees to open accounts or
enroll consumers in services without consent or where employees or service
providers have misled consumers into purchasing products the consumers did not
want, were unaware would harm them financially, or came with an unexpected
ongoing periodic fee.
One or more regulatory violations may be triggered as a result of
such incentives. To name but a few of the more salient regulatory frameworks
that can be violated, impermissible incentives can cause violations of unfair,
deceptive, and/or abusive acts or practices (UDAAP) (Dodd-Frank Act, §§ 1031
& 1036(a), codified at 12 USC §§ 5531 & 5536(a), the Electronic Fund
Transfer Act (EFTA), as implemented by Regulation E (15 USC § 1693 et seq.; 12
CFR Part 1005); the Fair Credit Reporting Act, as implemented by Regulation V
(15 USC § 1681-1681x; 12 CFR Part 1022); the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), as
implemented by Regulation Z (15 USC § 1601 et seq.; 12 CFR Part 1026); and the
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (15 USC § 1692-1692p). And to this the Bureau
itself notes that violations can stir up public enforcement, supervisory
actions, private litigation, reputational harm, and potential alienation of
existing and future customers.
Although not meant to be comprehensive, here are some impermissible
incentives that surely trigger regulatory violations:
· Opening Accounts: sales goals that encourage employees, either directly or indirectly, to open accounts or enroll consumers in services without their knowledge or consent, which may result in improperly incurred fees, improper collections activities, and/or negative effects on consumer credit scores;
· Benchmarks: sales benchmarks that encourage employees or service providers to market a product deceptively to consumers who may not benefit from or even qualify for it;
· Terms or Conditions: paying compensation based on the terms or conditions of transactions (such as interest rate) that encourages employees or service providers to overcharge consumers, to place them in less favorable products than they qualify for, or to sell them more credit or services than they had requested or needed;
· Tiered Compensation: paying more compensation for some types of transactions than for others that were or could have been offered to meet consumer needs, which could lead employees or service providers to steer consumers to transactions not in their interests; and
· Quotas: unrealistic quotas to sign consumers up for financial services may incentivize employees to achieve this result without actual consent or by means of deception.
ACTION
PLAN
As I have often said, the evaluation of risk is just the first
step to mitigating it. Sometimes, it is the easiest step! When dealing with
incentives, the risk to the consumer – and mutatis
mutandis to the financial institution – is mitigated through effective
controls. Some people seem to balk at internal controls, as if their
implementation is reflective of a personal bias. It is not. It is just the way
to establish a means by which to regulate behavior that is lawful and acceptably
fair to all market participants. Too many regulations can stifle financial
opportunities; but too few regulations can cause the market to explode.
From what we have been able to determine, both from its
supervisory issuances and its enforcement actions, the Bureau certainly wants
to provide a means whereby a financial institution can gauge its compliance
with consumer financial protection laws as it relates to incentives. This is
why it has often stated - such as in issuing its “Supervision and Examination
Manual: Compliance Management Review” - the importance of implementing a
Compliance Management System, otherwise known by its acronym, “CMS.”
Indeed, because my firm believes so strongly in ensuring that our monthly
clients are fully prepared with their CMS, we developed our annual CMS Tune-up!™,
which is an evaluation of a financial institution’s compliance management
system. We provide an executive report and a risk rating to these clients at no additional charge. It is a critical
responsibility of management to set up and implement a CMS, the review of which
will certainly be undertaken by both federal and state regulators.
If our CMS Tune-up!™ shows the presence of production incentives,
we are going to rate the risk based on where those incentives concern products
or services less likely to benefit consumers, or have a higher potential to
lead to consumer harm, or reward outcomes that do not necessarily align with
consumer interests, or implicate a significant proportion of employee
compensation.
Thus, instituting a compliance management system, a CMS, is at the
core of effective compliance with the Bureau’s expectations in its supervision
and enforcement of permissible incentives. Essentially, there are four
components to the Bureau’s conception of a viable CMS: these are (1) the
oversight by the Board of Directors or Management; (2) a ratified and comprehensive
compliance program, consisting of policies and procedures, training,
monitoring, and correction action; (3) a consumer complaint management program;
and (4) an independent compliance audit.
Let’s apply the CMS framework to a
few ways and means for limiting violations arising from incentives that may trigger
violations of law.
Board of directors and management
oversight
Foster a culture of strong
customer service related to incentives. In product sales, for instance, ensure
that consumers are only offered products likely to benefit their interests.
Policies and procedures
Ensure that the policies and
procedures for incentives contain:
- Employee sales/collections quotas that, if a part of an
entity’s incentive program, are transparent to employees and reasonably attainable;
- Clear controls for managing the risk inherent in each
stage of the product life cycle (as applicable): marketing, sales
(including account opening), servicing, and collections;
- Mechanisms to identify potential conflicts of interest
posed for supervisory personnel who are covered by incentives but also are
responsible for monitoring the quality of customer treatment and customer
satisfaction; and
- Fair and independent processes for investigating reported issues of suspected improper behavior.
Training
Implement
comprehensive training that addresses:
- Expectations for incentives, including standards of
ethical behavior;
- Common risky behaviors for employees and service
providers to foster greater awareness of primary risk areas;
- Terms and conditions of the institution’s products and
services so that they can
be effectively described to consumers; and
- Regulatory and business requirements for obtaining and maintaining evidence of consumer consent.
Design overall compliance monitoring
programs that track key metrics that may indicate incentives are leading to
improper behavior by employees or service providers. Examples of possible
monitoring metrics include, but are not limited to:
- Overall product penetration rates by consumer and household;
- Specific penetration rates for products and services
(such as overdraft, add-on products, and online banking), as well as
penetration rates by consumer segment;
- Employee turnover and employee satisfaction or complaint rates;
- Spikes and trends in sales (both completed and failed
sales) by specific individuals and by units;
- Financial incentive payouts; and
- Account opening/product enrollment and account closure/product cancellation statistics, including by specific individuals and by units, taking into account the terms of the incentive programs (i.e., requirements that accounts be open for a period of time or funded in order for employees to obtain credit under the program).
Corrective Action
Promptly implement corrective
actions to address any incentive issues identified by monitoring reviews as
areas of weakness:
- Corrective actions should include the termination of
employees, service providers, and managers, as necessary, and these
termination statistics should be analyzed for trends and root cause(s);
- Corrective actions should include changes to the
structure of incentives, training on these programs, and return of funds
to all affected consumers as appropriate in light of failed sales or
heightened levels of customer dissatisfaction;
- All corrective actions should ensure that the root causes of deficiencies are identified and resolved; and
- Findings should be escalated to management and the board, particularly where they appear to pose significant risks to consumers.
Consumer Complaint Management Program
Collect and analyze consumer
complaints for indications that incentives are leading to violations of law or
harm to consumers in order to
identify and resolve the root causes of any such issues.
Independent Compliance Audit
Schedule audits to address
incentives and consumer outcomes across all products or services to which they
apply, ensuring audits are conducted independently of both the compliance
program and the business functions, and ensuring that all necessary corrective
actions are promptly implemented.
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